I. Ubunzima beRockwell (HR)
Cofa apha ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha malunga neemveliso zethu.
1. Umgaqo

Sebenzisa ikhowuni yedayimani (ene-engile ye-apex ye-120°) okanye ibhola yentsimbi (enobubanzi be-1.59mm okanye i-3.18mm) njenge-indenter, yicinezele kumphezulu wezinto phantsi kwesenzo somthwalo wokuqala kunye nomthwalo oyintloko. Ixabiso lobunzima libalwa ngokusekelwe kubunzulu bokugoba—okukhona ukugoba kunzulu, kokukhona ixabiso lobunzima liphantsi.

2. Iimpawu

- Isantya sovavanyo esikhawulezayo kunye nokusebenza okulula, kufanelekile kuvavanyo lwebhetshi.
- Iyakwazi ukuvavanya izinto zobunzima obuphakathi ukuya kobuphezulu.
- Izikali ezininzi ziyafumaneka ngokusekelwe kubulukhuni bezinto:
- I-HRA: Isebenzisa umthwalo we-60kg kunye ne-indenter yedayimani, efanelekileyo kwizinto eziqinileyo kakhulu ezifana neekhabhide ezifakwe isamente.
- I-HRB: Isebenzisa umthwalo we-100kg kunye ne-indenter yebhola yentsimbi, efanelekileyo kwintsimbi ethambileyo, ii-alloys zekopolo, ii-alloys ze-aluminium, njl.njl.
- I-HRC: Isebenzisa umthwalo we-150kg kunye ne-indenter yedayimani, efanelekileyo kwintsimbi ecinyiweyo, ii-alloys ezinobunzima obuphezulu, njl.njl.

3. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo

Isetyenziswa kakhulu kuvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lobunzima beemveliso zesinyithi ezifana nezixhobo zokusika, iibheringi, iigiya, kunye neendawo zesinyithi eziphosiweyo.

II. Ubunzima bukaBrinell (HBW)

1. Umgaqo

Ibhola ye-alloy eqinileyo enobubanzi obuthile (ngesiqhelo yi-10mm) icinezelwa kumphezulu wezinto phantsi komthwalo othile, kwaye ixabiso lobunzima libalwa ngokusekelwe kububanzi bokutsalwa.
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zoBulukhuni bukaBrinell:

- I-HBS: Isebenzisa i-indenter yebhola yentsimbi, efanelekileyo kwizixhobo ezinobunzima obuyi-≤ 450 HB, njengentsimbi ethambileyo, intsimbi engwevu, kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo iintsimbi.
- I-HBW: Isebenzisa i-indenter yebhola edibeneyo eqinileyo, efanelekileyo kwizixhobo ezinobunzima obuyi-≤ 650 HB, kwaye yindlela eqhelekileyo yemigangatho yanamhlanje.

2. Iimpawu

- Iziphumo ezizinzileyo kunye nokuphindaphindwa okuhle.
- Ifanelekile kwiintsimbi ezithambileyo neziphakathi zokuqina.
- Udonga olungaphakathi lukhulu, ngoko ke alufanelekanga kwiindawo ezinodonga oluncinci okanye ezincinci.

3. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo

Uvavanyo lokuqina kwezinto ezikrwada kunye neendawo ezicutshungulwe ngendlela engacacanga, ezifana nentsimbi eqhotsiweyo, isinyithi esityhidiweyo, kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo iintsimbi kunye nee-alloys zazo.

III. Ubunzima beVickers (HV)

1. Umgaqo

I-indenter yedayimani yephiramidi yesikwere ene-engile ye-apex ye-136° isetyenziselwa ukucinezela kumphezulu wezinto phantsi komthwalo othile, kwaye ixabiso lobunzima libalwa ngokusekelwe kubude obu-diagonal bokuxinana.

2. Iimpawu

- Ukuchaneka okuphezulu: Kuvumela ukulinganiswa kobulukhuni ngokuchanekileyo, nakwiindawo ezincinci kakhulu (umz., iindawo ezincinci zezinto).
- Uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo: Ifanelekile ukuvavanya izixhobo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobunzima, ukusuka kwiintsimbi ezithambileyo (ezifana nee-aluminium alloys) ukuya kwizinto eziqinileyo kakhulu (ezifana nee-carbides ezifakwe isamente).
- Ukubotshwa okuncinci: Ukubotshwa okuncinci okushiyekileyo kumphezulu wezinto kuthintela ukonakalisa izinto zokusebenza, okwenza kube yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezinodonga oluncinci, ukugqunywa komphezulu, kunye novavanyo lobunzima bendawo encinci.

3. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo

Isetyenziswa kakhulu kuvavanyo lobunzima bezinto ezichanekileyo, iingubo zomphezulu, kunye namaphepha amancinci—umzekelo, ukulinganisa ubunzima beengubo zeshell zefowuni ukuqinisekisa ukumelana nokuguguleka. Ukongeza, ibaluleke kakhulu kuphando lwesayensi kuhlalutyo lobunzima beendawo ezincinci, njengovavanyo lobunzima bemida yeenkozo kunye nemida yesigaba kwizixhobo zokufunda iimpawu ze-microscopic zezinto.

4. Uthelekiso lweeNdlela ezintathu zoVavanyo loBulukhuni

5. Isishwankathelo
Iindlela ezintathu zokuvavanya ubulukhuni nganye ineenzuzo zayo. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zezinto ezibonakalayo, imo yesampulu, uluhlu lobulukhuni kunye neemfuno zokuchaneka ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo zovavanyo ezifanelekileyo.

Cofa apha ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha malunga neemveliso zethu.